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Topic: Runic alphabet

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Fe (rune)

	Verbix -- conjugate Runic Swedish verbs
		Runic Swedish developed from Old Scandinavian, which was a common Germanic language spoken by all ancient Scandinavians.
		Runic writing appeared rather late in the history of writing and is clearly derived from one of the alphabets of the Mediterranean area.
		A likely theory is that the runic alphabet was developed by the Goths, a Germanic people, from the Etruscan alphabet of northern Italy and was perhaps also influenced by the Latin alphabet in the 1st or 2nd century BC.
	www.verbix.com /languages/runic-swedish.shtml (221 words)

	Encyclopedia :: encyclopedia : Runic alphabet (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Runic alphabets are a set of related alphabets using letters known as runes, formerly used to write Germanic languages, mainly in Scandinavia and the British Isles.
		The most likely candidates for the origins of runic scripts are the 5th to 1st century BC Northern Italic alphabets, Lepontic, Rhaetic and Venetic, all closely related to each other and themselves descended from the Old Italic alphabet.
		The letters of the Gothic alphabet, however, as given by the Alcuin manuscript (9th century), are obviously related to the names of the Futhark.
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /Runic_alphabet (3241 words)

	Runic alphabet: Definition and Links by Encyclopedian.com
		The Runic alphabet was created by speakers of Germanic dialects in order to write their languages.
		Bernal (36) thinks that there was also some substrate alphabet involved; Miller (62) claims that the origins of the runic alphabet are archaic-Mediterranean.
		In the same work, Miller also writes that the phonetic parameters on which the runic alphabet is based are ultimately clearly Semitic[?] and links them to the scripts of Byblos and Ugarit as well as the Phoenician alphabet.
	www.encyclopedian.com /ru/Rune.html (1133 words)

	Magickal Alphbets
		The Etruscan alphabet was diffused at the end of the Archaic period, around 500 CE, into northern Italy and became the model for the alphabets of the Alpine populations.
		One plausible theory, is that the runic alphabet was developed by the Goths, a Germanic people, from the Etruscan alphabet of northern Italy and was perhaps also influenced by the Latin alphabet of the 1st or 2nd century BC.
		When the North Italic tribes began integrating the runic alphabet into their own symbolic system, the letters were given names that related to the tribe's secular and religious lives, thus transforming their simple pictographs into a magickal alphabet which could be used for talismans, magical inscriptions and divination.
	www.janih.com /lady/magick/alphabet.html (969 words)

	Runic alphabet
		The Runic alphabet was created by speakers of Germanic dialects in order to write their languages.
		Bernal (36) thinks that there was also some substrate alphabet involved; Miller (62) claims that the origins of the runic alphabet are archaic-Mediterranean.
		In the same work, Miller also writes that the phonetic parameters on which the runic alphabet is based are ultimately clearly Semitic[?] and links them to the scripts of Byblos and Ugarit as well as the Phoenician alphabet.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ru/Runes.html (912 words)

	Science Fair Projects - Runic alphabet
		The Runic alphabets are a set of related alphabets using letters known as runes, formerly used to write Germanic languages, mainly in Scandinavia, and the British Isles.
		The most likely candidates for the origins of runic scripts are the 5th to 1st century BC Northern Italic alphabets, Lepontic, Rhaetic and Venetic, all closely related to each other and themselves descended from the Old Italic alphabet.
		The letters of the Gothic alphabet, however, as given by the Alcuin manuscript (9th century), are obviously related to the names of the Futhark.
	www.all-science-fair-projects.com /science_fair_projects_encyclopedia/Rune (3073 words)

	Runic alphabets / Runes / Futhark
		Runic writing was probably first used in southern Europe and was carried north by Germanic tribes.
		The Runic alphabet is thought to have been modelled on the Latin and/or Etruscan alphabet.
		It was the main alphabet in Norway, Sweden and Denmark throughout the Viking Age, but was largely though not completely replaced by the Latin alphabet by about 1200 as a result of the conversion of most of Scandinavia to Christianity.
	www.omniglot.com /writing/runic.htm (756 words)

	Ancient Scripts: Futhark
		The Runic alphabet is also known as Futhark, a name composed from the first six letters of the alphabet, namely f, u, th, a, r, and k.
		Most Runic texts are found on hard surfaces such as rock, wood, and metal, and this might explain its angular shape.
		As many old letters were removed from the alphabet, several of the remaining letters were overloaded to represent multiple sounds: th was used for /þ/ and /ð/; u for /u/ and /o/; k for /k/, /g/, and /ng/; i for /i/ and /e/; t for /t/ and /d/; and b for /b/ and /p/.
	www.ancientscripts.com /futhark.html (1299 words)

	An English Dictionary of Runic Inscriptions of the Younger Futhark: FAQs
		But it is clear that runic writing arose from the contact the Germanic-speaking peoples had with the cultures of the Mediterranean, where the idea of alphabetic writing came about, and that some of the runic characters, though not the order of the alphabet, demonstrate the influence of Mediterranean writing.
		In practice, runic inscriptions are mainly in one of the Germanic family of languages, which comprise the ancestors of the modern Scandinavian languages, and of modern English, Dutch and German.
		Terje Spurkland, Norwegian Runes and Runic Inscriptions, Woodbridge 2005.
	runicdictionary.nottingham.ac.uk /faq.php (1449 words)

	[No title]
		It is believed that the runic-alphabet derived from the Greek or Roman alphabet and that the Vikings had changed it to be able to carve the letters on wood, stone or bones easier.
		This alphabet will be used in Scandinavia until the 16th century when it will be replaced by the Latin one.
		Runic inscriptions have been found on gravestones, on weapons, on holly objects and on tablets serving for trade.
	library.thinkquest.org /C003446/a.php?b=18 (497 words)

	BabelStone : Keyboard Layouts : Runic
		The Runic script is clearly releated to the Latin script, as can be seen from the Runic letters for A, B, K, F, H, I, M, R, S and T, although it is believed to be derived from a North Italic script rather than Latin itself.
		The 75 Unicode runic letter characters are intended to represent all of the various shapes and forms of runic letters that are found in the various fuÃ¾arks and runic alphabets.
		Runic inscriptions are commonly written Left-To-Right (LTR), but may be written Right-To-Left (RTL), or with a combination of LTR and RTL lines, as is the case on the Franks Casket.
	www.babelstone.co.uk /Keyboards/Runic.html (1942 words)

	Object: Runic Calendar
		Runes are a Germanic alphabet that emerged in the third century and prevailed unaltered until the thirteenth century in Northern Europe and Iceland.
		Long past that period, the runic alphabet was used on monuments and tombstones.
		Runic letters are generally angular and are particularly suited for inscription on wood, where the natural grain of the medium makes curved lines difficult.
	rmc.library.cornell.edu /Paper-exhibit/runic.html (107 words)

	Ayrean's Magickal Runes
		The letterforms are actually cursive rather than runic; they contain many curves and are not well-suited to be incised or scratched into hard materials as are true runic alphabets like Futhark, Ogham, or Tolkien's Cirthas Daeron.
		The absence of U/J/W suggests that the Theban alphabet originated as a Latin cypher before the 11th-century introduction of W and long before the late-15th-century development of U and J. The origin of the letterforms is obscure.
		The Theban alphabet seem to have passed to the Wiccans from successor orders of the G.D. as part of the Gardnerian reinvention of Wicca during the 1930s.
	www.ayreans-lore.myfoolmoon.com /runes.html (548 words)

	Futhark - Crystalinks
		Runic writing appeared rather late in the history of writing and is clearly derived from one of the alphabets of the Mediterranean area.
		Because of its angular letter forms, however, and because early runic inscriptions were written from right to left like the earliest alphabets, runic writing seems to belong to a more ancient system.
		A likely theory is that the runic alphabet was developed by the Goths, a Germanic people, from the Etruscan alphabet of northern Italy and was perhaps also influenced by the Latin alphabet in the 1st or 2nd century BC.
	www.crystalinks.com /futhark.html (451 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Runic alphabet
		The Runic alphabets are a set of related alphabets using letters (known as runes), formerly used to write Germanic languages before and shortly after the Christianization of Scandinavia and the British Isles.
		The letters of the Gothic alphabet, however, as given by the Alcuin manuscript (9th century), are obviously related to the names of the Futhark.
		The alphabet is traditionally called "Marcomannic runes", but it has no connection with the Marcomanni and is rather an attempt of Carolingian scholars to represent all letters of the Latin alphabets with runic equivalents.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Runic_alphabet (4068 words)

	Search: Runic Alphabet
		A peculiarity of the runic alphabet as compared to the Old Italic family is...
		The runic alphabet, or Futhark, gets its name from its first six sounds (f, u, th, a, r, k), much like the word 'alphabet' derives from the first two...
		Because of a superficial resemblance to the Runic alphabet, the alphabet is also known as Orkhon or Turkic runes.
	www.classifieds2000.com /webmkt.cls2k/search/web/Runic%2BAlphabet/-/-/1/-/-/-/1/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/302349/right (272 words)

	Vikings: The North Atlantic Saga \| American Museum of Natural History
		The runic alphabet, used by early Norse peoples including the Vikings, has no clear origins; in fact, the word "rune" derives from the Gothic word runa, meaning "mystery." The runic alphabet is called a "futhark", and gains its name, like the word "alpha-bet," from the first few symbols in the series.
		Runic alphabets first appeared among German tribes in central and Eastern Europe.
		This alphabet is known as the "Elder Futhark." As time passed, new runes were added on as the need arose, and various versions of the futhark emerged, including up to 38 symbols.
	www.amnh.org /exhibitions/vikings/write.html (273 words)

	The Dispatch - Serving the Lexington, NC - News (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Runic alphabets are a set of related alphabets using letters (known as runes), formerly used to write Germanic languages before and shortly after the Christianization of Scandinavia and the British Isles.
		The alphabet is traditionally called "Marcomannic runes", but it has no connection with the Marcomanni and is rather an attempt of Carolingian scholars to represent all letters of the Latin alphabets with runic equivalents.
		Another modern day runic row is the Uthark commonly known through the work of the Swedish scholar and occultist Thomas Karlsson, founder of the 'Ordo Draconis et Atri Adamantis' (or Dragon Rouge), and refers to them as the 'Night-side of the Runes'.
	www.the-dispatch.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=runic_alphabet (3612 words)

	Nordic Runes
		The parallels between the two alphabets are too close to be ignored, particularly in the forms of the letters, as well as in the variable direction of the writing, and certain structural and even symbolic characteristics.
		When the northern tribes began integrating the Italic alphabets into their own symbolic system, they gave the letters names relating to all aspects of their secular and religious lives, thus transforming their simple pictographs into a magical alphabet which could be used for talismans, magical inscriptions and divination.
		Perhaps the darkest period in the history of runic studies was their revival by German scholars connected with the Nazi movement in the 20's and 30's.
	www.runestones.com /runes.htm (1175 words)

	The Norwegian Connection - Runes
		The runic alphabet, or Futhark, gets its name from its first six sounds (f, u, th, a, r, k), much like the word 'alphabet' derives from the first two letters of the Greek alphabet, alpha and beta.
		Since the first objects inscribed with runes date to the second and third centuries A.D., some surmise that the runic alphabet arose during the first century A.D. Scholars concur that runes grew out of an earlier alphabet, but which one is unclear.
		Runic inscriptions on swords entreated the gods either to protect the sword's owner or bring pain and misery to his enemy.
	www.celticattic.com /contact_us/norwegian_connection/runes.htm (1193 words)

	Origins of the Runes
		Translation of runic inscriptions is therefore extremely difficult, and complicated by the fact that rune masters sometimes wrote cryptic puzzles or in secret script.
		It was adapted from the Etruscan alphabet during the 7th century BC.
		"The Sabaean or Sabaic alphabet is one of the south Arabian alphabets.
	www.sunnyway.com /runes/origins.html (1222 words)

	A short presentation and overview of the Rune alphabet, the futhark...
		The classical (and oldest) runic alphabet, the Futhark (the urnordiska alphabet), consisted of 24 letters and began with the letters f, u, th, a, r, and k.
		This alphabet was used between 200 A.D. After 800 A.D. up to the end of the period during which the Nordic people used runes, Normal Runor (Picture 2) was the most common runic alphabet.
		Some rather imaginative theories have been constructed, one of which speculates that the runic alphabet was designed as a type of cipher, or code, not meant to be read by everyone.
	www.luth.se /luth/present/sweden/history/viking_age/runes/nytt/overview.shtml (897 words)

	Ancient Earth Religions - Runes
		Runes came into disuse as the Roman alphabets became the preferred script of most of Europe, but their forms and meanings were preserved in inscriptions and manuscripts.
		The parallels between the two alphabets are too close to be ignored, particularly in the forms of the letters, as well as in the variable direction of the writing.
		When the northern tribes began integrating the Italic alphabet into their own symbolic system, they gave the letters names relating to all aspects of their secular and religious lives, thus transforming their simple pictographs into a magical alphabet which could be used for talismans, magical inscriptions and divination.
	www.xploreheartlinks.com /runes.htm (1131 words)

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