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	War Measures Act
		War Measures Act, statute (1914) conferring emergency powers on the federal Cabinet, allowing it to govern by decree when it perceives the existence of "war, invasion or insurrection, real or apprehended." The Act was proclaimed in force with detailed regulations limiting the freedom of Canadians during both world wars.
		More limited emergency legislation, the offshoot of War Measures, was applied during demobilization after WWII, and during and after the KOREAN WAR in the 1950s.
		The only use of the War Measures Act in a domestic crisis occurred in October and November 1970, when a state of "apprehended insurrection" was declared to exist in Québec and emergency regulations were proclaimed in response to 2 kidnappings by the terrorist FRONT DE LIBÉRATION DU QUÉBEC (see OCTOBER CRISIS).
	www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com /index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0008439 (0 words)

	War Measures Act - Biocrawler
		The War Measures Act (http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/W-2/) was a Canadian statute that allowed the government to assume sweeping emergency powers.
		The act was invoked three times in Canadian history: World War I, World War II, and most controversially at the request of the government of the province of Quebec during the October Crisis of 1970.
		The act was later repealed and replaced with the Emergencies Act in 1988.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/War_Measures_Act (0 words)

	War Measures' Act - Readings - Quebec History
		The War Measures’ Act was adopted in August of 1914 in view of transferring many powers from Parliament to the federal cabinet, thus allowing Canada to meet the emergency that the First World War constituted.
		That state of war will continue to subsist until such time as a similar Proclamation is issued to declare that the state of war has ceased to exist.
		The government does not have to demonstrate that a state of war is present to invoke the War Measures’ Act; in any case, you might merely “apprehend” the existence of such a state.
	faculty.marianopolis.edu /c.belanger/quebechistory/readings/warmeas.htm (0 words)

	New Light from England on the October Crisis, 1970?
		As to the question of whether or not there was "apprehended insurrection", when certain measures of the War Measures Act were put into force on Friday, October 16, one must realize that the War Measures Act of the time could be invoked on only on one of three conditions: "war" or "insurrection" or "apprehended insurrection".
		It should be noted that during the week before the imposition of the War Measures Act, the specialist doctors struck, and medical services and the hospitals were in a critical state.
		The War Measures Act was necessary in my view in the circumstances and was approved in a Gallup Poll of December 12, 1970, by 89% of English Canadians, (5% disapproval and 6% undecided.
	www.mcgill.ca /maritimelaw/history/england (0 words)

	1970, Oct. 5. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History
		Prime Minister Trudeau invoked the War Measures Act for six months, to meet the threat of insurrection in Quebec.
		While army units were assigned to preserve order in the Province of Quebec, police forces pressed the search for Cross and Laporte, arresting hundreds of members of the outlawed front and other suspects.
		The House of Commons passed the Public Order (Temporary Measures) Act to replace the more stringent War Measures Act.
	www.bartleby.com /67/3455.html (0 words)

	Canada in the Making - Specific Events & Topics
		Measures were introduced in the Immigration Act, 1906 to prevent other groups of people the government feared would place a strain on the federal government.
		This was evident in the Immigration Act, 1952.
		This immigration act was passed in the House of Commons in November 2001, and became law in June 2002.
	www.canadiana.org /citm/specifique/immigration_e.html (2261 words)

	War Measures' Act - Readings - Quebec History (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The War Measures’ Act was adopted in August of 1914 in view of transferring many powers from Parliament to the federal cabinet, thus allowing Canada to meet the emergency that the First World War constituted.
		That state of war will continue to subsist until such time as a similar Proclamation is issued to declare that the state of war has ceased to exist.
		The government does not have to demonstrate that a state of war is present to invoke the War Measures’ Act; in any case, you might merely “apprehend” the existence of such a state.
	www2.marianopolis.edu /quebechistory/readings/warmeas.htm (923 words)

	Pierre Elliott Trudeau’s Televised Statement on the War Measures Act - Quebec History
		This follows from the fact that they act stealthily and because they are known to have in their possession a considerable amount of dynamite.
		It is acting to maintain the rule of law without which freedom is impossible.
		It is acting to make clear to kidnappers, revolutionaries and assassins that in this country laws are made and changed by the elected representatives of all Canadians -not by a handful of self-selected dictators.
	faculty.marianopolis.edu /c.belanger/quebechistory/docs/october/trudeau.htm (0 words)

	War Measures Act Information
		The War Measures Act (enacted in August 1914, replaced by the Emergencies Act in 1988) was a Canadian statute that allowed the government to assume sweeping emergency powers.
		The Act compelled enemy aliens to register with the government and was used against Ukrainian Canadians, Germans and Slavs in World War I and Italian, German and Japanese Canadians in World War II (as well as, ironically, some Jews of German origin).
		World War II During the war there was widespread fear of foreign nationals spying and working against the country of Canada.
	www.bookrags.com /War_Measures_Act (0 words)

	Unclaimed Territory - by Glenn Greenwald
		He originally supported the Iraq war but some time last year finally came to the conclusion that the war has been a failure and was a mistake from the start.
		He acknowledged his own errors in judgment in supporting the war and, in the midterm elections, he supported and voted for Democrats because (like many voters) he wanted them to take over Congress and put a stop to the war.
		The press response to the build-up to the Iraq war simply is the latest manifestation of an underlying and ongoing reluctance to dissent from authority and prevailing opinion when emotions run high, especially on matters of war and peace, when the country most needs a questioning, vigorous press.
	glenngreenwald.blogspot.com (0 words)

	Y2K - Canada Ready To Invoke Updated War Measures Act
		The Emergencies Act, which was passed in 1988, gives cabinet sweeping powers to issue whatever orders or regulations it believes are necessary to deal with emergencies such as major power outages caused by computer glitches or civil insurrections, major riots and prison revolts.
		Governor General Adrienne Clarkson is responsible for invoking the act, which sets off a chain of events including the recall of Parliament.
		At least 10 MPs and 15 senators would have to be in attendance to approve the emergency law.
	www.rense.com /politics5/y2kwarms.htm (402 words)

	The October Crisis
		On 15 October the Quebec government invited the Canadian Armed Forces to Quebec to assist the local police; the following day, the federal government, under the leadership of Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau, proclaimed the War Measures Act, claiming that a state of 'apprehended insurrection' existed in the province of Quebec.
		On 17 October, just one day after the War Measures Act was invoked, the FLQ killed Pierre Laporte and left his body in a car trunk near Montreal.
		They claimed that the government acted without sufficient information and over-reacted in large part in dealing with the separatist forces in Quebec.
	www.mta.ca /faculty/arts-letters/canadian_studies/english/about/study_guide/debates/october_crisis.html (0 words)

	War without Winners (September 15, 2001)
		This propaganda is both a face-saving measure (how, after all, could America's $30-billion per year anti-terrorism activities have been so unsuccessful?) and a rationale for the declarations of war.
		A rationale is needed for the term "war" because the enemy, in this case, is not clearly identifiable.
		The war on terrorism, in this light, becomes a center-piece in the controlling logic that exploits the fearful American people to finance a perpetual state of emergency, wherein the U.S. military and secret services police the whole world to make it safe for corporate globalization.
	artcontext.org /crit/essays/www (1657 words)

	Argentina Declares War Against Japan and Germany
		That the preamble of the Act of Chapultepec and the principles it enumerates as incorporated in the international law of our Continent since 1890, have at all times guided the foreign policy of the Nation and coincide with the principles of Argentine international policy;
		The Government of the Nation accepts the invitation extended by the twenty American Republics participating in the Inter-American Conference on Problems of War and Peace, and adheres to the Final Act of that Conference.
		There is likewise declared a state of war between the Argentine Republic and Germany, in view of the fact that the latter is an ally of Japan.
	www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org /jsource/ww2/argentinawar.html (363 words)

	W
		A Canadian statute, it was enacted during the very early stages of World War I giving the government the right to bypass the normal legislative process, suspend habeas corpus and deport without trial.
		This treaty was between the U.S. and Great Britain (including Canada) whereby the U.S. demanded compensation for the damage inflicted during the American Civil War by Confederate raiders using arms manufactured in Britain together with arbitration of the boundary south of Vancouver Island and the possession of San Juan.
		He entered the army at the age of 14, and served with distinction throughout the War of the Austrian Succession (1740-47) and the Scottish campaign of 1746.
	www.edunetconnect.com /cat/candict/w.html (770 words)

	Site historique du Front de libération du Québec (FLQ) : The consequences of the War Measures Act \| L'indépendance ...
		Part of the clauses of the War Measures Act allowed the police and army “to arrest, detain, exclude or expel individuals” who either belonged to the FLQ or whom the authorities believed had ties to the organization.
		She concludes that the aim of the War Measures Act was “implicitly [] to stop separatism; and certainly its first result was to bring a widespread revulsion against separatism”.
		He states that the act “did not in any way affect the right of the PQ to go about its normal business, including the holding of meetings, the posting of notices or banners, the making of public announcements and the criticizing of governments and their laws”.
	www.independance-quebec.com /flq/octobre/texte_warmesuresact.php (2200 words)

	War, Political Repression…and Resistance - War on Terrorism, 2001- and civil rights Briarpatch Magazine - Find ... (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The main similarity is that the War Measures Act in 1970 and the several Bills and administrative actions since September 11 are examples of governments attempting to manipulate the body politic and control public opinion by silencing their opponents under the pretence that these authoritarian measures were necessary to fight terrorism.
		One important difference between 1970 and today is that the War Measures Act was imposed for a few months in response to a local situation.
		The war on dissent now being prosecuted with such vigor in Canada, the USA, Britain, Germany and many other countries is merely an escalation of what has been building up for the past few years.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0JQV/is_1_31/ai_82781563 (946 words)

	Internment of Ukrainians in Canada 1914-1920
		With the outbreak of World War I, the War Measures Act (1914) was implemented as a result of an Order In Council by the Canadian Government.
		Unfortunately, the War Measures Act formed the basis for future government incursions on the Civil liberties of Citizens and immigrants to Canada.
		This act was used as the basis of the internment of the Japanese Canadians in 1941 and the French-Canadians (or Quebecois) in 1970.
	ukrhistory.tripod.com /index-10.htm (697 words)

	Thomson Nelson - Secondary Social Studies - Canada, Our Century, Our Story
		Was the invoking of the War Measures Act justified?
		Trudeau's speech on the proclamation of the War Measures Act on October 16, 1970
		The reaction of René Lévesque to the War Measures Act, October 17, 1970
	www.nelson.com /nelson/school/secondary/socialstudies/history/studweblinks_12.html (1164 words)

	Welcome to WorkingForChange
		A nasty piece of legislation, the Act gave Canadian officials near-dictatorial powers during times of war or "insurrection." In World Wars I and II, the Act was used to curb dissent and incarcerate "enemy aliens" and suspected spies.
		As draconian as the Act was, it didn't help Pierre Laporte; he was murdered on October 17 and his body was ditched in a car.
		After the Act was invoked, many people began to see the FLQ as mistreated martyrs, fighting against an oppressive federal government that was willing to bend the law to bring them to justice.
	www.workingforchange.com /printitem.cfm?itemid=12219 (1079 words)

	David Orchard: "Canada at War" (Site not responding. Last check: )
		When Abraham Lincoln went to war against the Confederate south “to preserve the union,” as he put it, he was regarded as a national hero and Washington bore long and vindictive grudges against any countries - including Canada and Britain that did not leap to support it.
		It is a unilateral and unprecedented act of war by' the world’s most powerful military alliance in violation of international law and of NATO’s own charter, which provides for defence in the case of attack against a member nation.
		After years of pious b1eating by Canadian governments about war crimes (only those by small nations, mind you), we are committing one of vastly larger proportions as these words are being written.
	www.srpska-mreza.com /ddj/Kosovo/articles/Orchard1.html (646 words)

	PARAMETERS, US Army War College Quarterly, Autumn - 1997
		The War Measures Act, created in 1914, stated that in the event of "war, invasion, or insurrection, real or apprehended,"[10] the Governor in Council could deploy military forces, impose censorship, arrest and detain suspected subversives and aliens, ban subversive organizations, expropriate property, and exert government control over all aspects of transportation and trade.
		The more vaguely stated measures for providing assistance to the civil authority were declared an "incomplete patchwork" that did not "recognize the role or legitimate interests of the Provinces."[40] What followed was a restructuring of the laws and policies that would henceforth govern the manner in which Canadian Forces would respond in domestic crises.
		They cannot act as investigators or informants.[67] These constraints may have been appropriate in the late 1800s, but in a world where non-state groups have access to weapons of mass destruction (narcotics as well as chemical and biological weapons) they could prove to be counterproductive.
	carlisle-www.army.mil /usawc/Parameters/97autumn/maloney.htm (7106 words)

	War Measures Act - Quebec History (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Therefore, His Excellency the Governor-General-in Council, on the recommendation of the prime minister, is pleased to direct that a proclamation be issued proclaiming that apprehended insurrection exists and has existed as and from the fifteenth day of October, one thousand nine hundred and seventy.
		An act to confer certain powers upon the Governor in Council in the event of War, Invasion, or Insurrection.
		This Act may be cited as the War Measures Act.
	www2.marianopolis.edu /quebechistory/docs/october/wm-act.htm (307 words)

	President Declares "Freedom at War with Fear"
		Americans have known wars -- but for the past 136 years, they have been wars on foreign soil, except for one Sunday in 1941.
		This war will not be like the war against Iraq a decade ago, with a decisive liberation of territory and a swift conclusion.
		Freedom and fear, justice and cruelty, have always been at war, and we know that God is not neutral between them.
	www.whitehouse.gov /news/releases/2001/09/20010920-8.html (0 words)

	death with dignity * religion and spirituality
		Catholicism: The official position of the Catholic Church in Rome remains that killing of a human being, even by an act of omission to eliminate suffering, violates divine law and offends the dignity of the human person.
		"While the Church exhorts civil authorities to seek peace, not war, and to exercise discretion and mercy in imposing punishment on criminals, it may still be permissible to take up arms to repel an aggressor or to have recourse to capital punishment.
		Suffering, they said, was part of the operation of karma, and human beings should not only accept it without complaint but act so as to make the best of the situation that karma has given them.
	www.deathwithdignity.org /historyfacts/religion.asp (2035 words)

	Two ethnic groups say emergencies act would abuse rights
		In some ways, said a brief from the Japanese-Canadian group, the Emergencies Act could be even more repressive than the War Measures Act, which was last invoked to deal with the Front de Liberation du Quebec during the 1970 October Crisis in Quebec.
		The brief says the proposed act, unlike the 74-year-old War Measures Act, permits secret orders and regulations to be passed under all types of emergencies and at the sole discretion of cabinet.
		The brief also complains that the definition of an emergency, which must occur for the act to be invoked, is too broad and that provisions for compensation for those ill treated are too weak.
	www.infoukes.com /history/internment/booklet02/doc-011.html (0 words)

	United for Peace & Justice : Index
		A Vietnam veteran and two teenagers are currently walking, a woman is scootering, and a group from Washington State is biking, cross-country to protest the war and encourage others to take action for peace.
		Some of this month's highlights include the Widening War Tour, featuring Hiroshima survivor Yuko Nakamura, that stops in Philadelphia, Pittsburgh and Florence, MA; nonviolent direct actions at the Los Alamos and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories; and, the Think Outside the Bomb youth conference in Santa Barbara.
		On March 26, six days after launching the national "Make Hip Hop Not War" Tour, he received notification that the Air Force is seeking to honorably discharge him on the basis of "behavior clearly inconsistent with the interest of national security." His hearing, originally scheduled for July 12, has been postponed to mid-late August.
	www.unitedforpeace.org (0 words)

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